Many materials have been introduced for apexification each having their own ad-vantages and disadvantages. This case report aims to present a new method of apexification using a combination of deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) and enamel matrix derivative (EMD). After irrigating the canal of the maxillary right canine with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite, a mixture of Bio-Oss and EMD was packed into the apical region for formation of an apical barrier and the canal was obturated by thermoplastic gutta percha technique with AH26 sealer; coronal seal was achieved by resin bonded composite. The size of the periapical lesion de-creased significantly after 3, 6, 12 and 18-months. The patient had no radiographic signs or clinical symptoms at 24-month follow up and complete maturation of the apex and healing of the periapical bone were achieved.

Introduction: Dental trauma mainly affects the anterior teeth, which can have significant effects on Tooth function, aesthetics, and speech. Extrusion refers to the relative Tooth displacement out of the socket. The emergency treatment in this injury is repositioning the Tooth and flexible splint for 2 weeks. Materials & Methods: The patient is 8-year-old boy with a chief complaint of trauma to the teeth. After confirming the diagnosis of traumatic extrusion injury, the Tooth # 9 was repositioned and splinted. During one-year follow-up, root canal calcification and normal response to pulp sensibility tests were observed.

Introduction: Currently, a substance called casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate has been used as a substitute for fluoride mouthwash. This study aimed to compare the remineralization rate of fluoridated GC Tooth mousse with concomitant use of fluoride mouthwash and GC Tooth mousse on demineralized enamel lesions.Materials & Methods: In this laboratory study, 50 samples were selected from 30 intact human premolars, halved into buccal and lingual segments, and randomly divided into five groups. Enamel health was recorded using a DIAGNOdent device and Vickers micro hardness test.Afterwards, the remineralized agents were applied to the surface of samples for two weeks as follows: 1) Control, 2) Fluoridated GC Tooth mousse, 3) GC Tooth mousse, 4) Sodium fluoride mouthwash and 5) Sodium fluoride mouthwash+GC Tooth mousse. Repeatedly, enamel remineralization values were recorded via DIAGNOdent device, and data were analyzed using one-way and two-way repeated measures ANOVA tests.Results: Our findings indicated that no significant difference was observed between remineralization rate of fluoridated GC Tooth mousse and concomitant use of fluoride mouthwash and GC Tooth mousse, evaluated by DIAGNOdent device (P=0.959) and Vickers micro hardness test (P=0.884).Conclusion: According to the results, application of fluoridated GC Tooth mousse with concomitant use of fluoride mouthwash and GC Tooth mousse had a similar impact on remineralization of demineralized enamel lesions.

We describe a 72 years old lady with chief complain of headache, ptosis, partial 3rd nerve palsy and visual loss of left eye, biochemistrywas normal except to mild hyperglycemia, work up of vasculitis was negative with normal E.S.R. MRI showed sphenoid mucocel, orbit at sign was improved with nasal endoscopic drainage of mucocel.      

Statement of Problem: The most important failure factor of root canal treatment is lack of proper seal of root canal, which leads to leakage and penetration of microorganism in to the canals. Different methods have been used to determine the apical seal. Purpose: This study was aimed at comparing the apical leakage using dye penetration and electrochemical methods successively used on the same teeth. Materials and Method: For this experimental study, 31 freshly extracted anterior single root human teeth with straight root canals were selected. The specimens were randomly divided into experimental, positive and negative control groups. Root canals of the experimental and negative group were filled, and positive group were left unfilled. The external surface of each Tooth was coated with two layers of the nail polisher, except for the apical 2mm and coronal portion. Leakage of the teeth were measured using electrochemical me thud. Two copper wires were used as electrodes and normal saline solution was used as electrolyte. Then coronal portions of the roots were filled using ZOE cement and coated with two layers of the nail polisher. The teeth were immersed in 2% basic Fuchsine for 48 hours and were washed in tap water. The roots were then split longitudinally and dye penetration was assessed for each Tooth. The data were analyzed using t-test and Pierson correlation coefficient test. Results: The obtained results in electrochemical methods varied from 3.1 to 54.7 Micro amper, while in dye penetration method the observed leakage was 2.5 to 6.8 mm. The coefficient correlation between the two methods was found to be 0.204 (r = 0.204, P £0.5). Conclusion: Since no correlation was found among the results obtained with the two methods, it is concluded that, for assessment of the marginal leakage of dental materials, various methods should be considered.

Introduction: Low quality of radiographic images may disturb crucial information and lead to retaking of the radiograph and unnecessary exposure to patients. Therefore, evaluation of the effect of delayed scanning and storage condition of photostimulable storage phosphor (PSP) sensors in diagnostic quality of digital images seems important.Materials & Methods: In this in vitro study, 60 radiographic images were obtained by 12 Digora PSP sensors in three storage condition; light room with lucent protective plastic, light space with dark protective plastic, dark space with dark protective plastic, and five various scanning time delay; 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 minutes. Digital radiographic images were exported to the new folder as TIFF format and presented to three observers. Kruskal-Wallis test with level of significance less than 0.05 was used for statistical analysis.Results: Comparing image quality in different storage conditions of PSP sensors, revealed no significant difference among the observers. There was no significant difference among different delays in scanning times for each observer.Conclusion: Scanning of PSP sensors with 5 to 20 minutes delay has no negative effect on image quality in diagnosis of apical portion. Black or transparent cover and dark or light storage environments were not effective in reducing the effect of delayed scanning and signal fading. An important point is the influence of training on improvement in perception and interpretation of digital radiography.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare the Accuracy of three types of apex locators Novapex, Dentaport ZX and Raypex5 with radiography in determining the mesiobuccal canal length of the first mandibular permanent molar.Materials & Methods: In this in vitro study, 72 extracted permanent mandibular first molar teeth with canal curvatures in the range of 20-30 degrees were selected. After disinfecting the teeth with 10% formalin solution, the teeth were stored in 0.5% chloramine T solution. An appropriate access cavity was prepared and pulp tissue was removed using a Barbed Broach. The actual canal length of each root was determined using a 15 K-file with a stapler. The root canal length obtained by Novapex, Dentaport ZX and Raypex5 apex locators was compared with radiography and the difference obtained from the above lengths was analyzed using Anova and T-Test at an error level of less than 0.05.Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the mean canal length of the mandibular first molars in the apex locators of Raypex5, Novapex and Dentaport ZX with periapical radiography (P = 0.001). However, there was no significant difference between the mean canal length of mandibular first molar teeth in Raypex5, Novapex and Dentaport ZX apex locators with the actual canal length (P > 0.05).Conclusion: There is no significant difference between the canal length measurements obtained by the different apex locators within the range of ± 0.5 mm at the apical foramen.

Introduction: Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) has been suggested as an effective material for apical barrier, forming an effective seal against bacterial leakage in teeth with open apices. MTA needs moisture for setting; which can come from the apical region or a moist cotton pellet. This study was intended to compare bacterial leakage in one- and two-step MTA apical barrier technique in open apices with different diameters.Materials and Methods: The root canals of 52 extracted human maxillary incisors were prepared and open apices in two different diameters of 1 and 1.4 mm were created. The samples put in experimental groups randomly. A 4-mm thickness of MTA was placed as apical barrier for both one- and two-step methods. In one-step groups (1.4 mm diameter; n=12 and 1 mm diameter; n=12), the samples were obturated immediately after placing MTA plug. For two-step groups (1.4 mm diameter; n=12 and 1 mm diameter; n=12), a moist cotton pellet was placed over the MTA plug for 3 days before root canal obturation. Four samples served as positive/negative control groups. After one week, microleakage was evaluated using bacterial penetration technique and results were statistically analyzed utilizing SPSS software and Chi-square test.Results: In one-step technique 13 and in two-step technique 12 samples showed bacterial leakage. There was no statistically significant differences between two techniques (Chi square, P=1). The difference between the results related to 1 and 1.4 mm apical foramens was also not significant (P=1). Also 12 and 13 samples showed bacterial contamination in teeth with 1 mm and 1.4 mm apical foramens, respectively (P=1).Conclusion: It seems that leakage of MTA apical plug using one- and two-step technique is comparable; however, in vivo investigations are highly recommended for more accurate results.